Introduction
Federalism is a foundational principle of India's Constitution. It refers to a system of government in which power is divided between a central authority and various constituent units — in India’s case, the Union and the States. While traditional federalism emphasizes equality between the center and the units, India follows a quasi-federal model that balances strong central leadership with state-level autonomy.
Let’s dive deep into how this system functions and its importance in maintaining India’s unity in diversity.
What is Federalism?
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Federalism involves two levels of government: one at the center (Union) and the other at the state level.
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Both levels derive authority from the Constitution.
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The powers and responsibilities of each are clearly divided and safeguarded.
Features of Indian Federalism
1. Dual Polity
India has a dual government structure — the Union Government and State Governments, each with clearly defined roles.
2. Division of Powers
The Seventh Schedule of the Constitution divides subjects into three lists:
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Union List – subjects under Central control (e.g., defense, foreign affairs).
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State List – subjects under State control (e.g., police, public health).
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Concurrent List – shared subjects (e.g., education, forests).
3. Supremacy of the Constitution
The Indian Constitution is the supreme law. Both Union and State governments must operate within the framework laid down in it.
4. Independent Judiciary
The Supreme Court of India acts as the guardian of the Constitution. It settles disputes between the Union and States.
5. Bicameral Legislature
India has a bicameral Parliament:
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Lok Sabha (House of the People) represents the citizens.
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Rajya Sabha (Council of States) represents the states.
Why India is Called a Quasi-Federal State
India’s federalism is described as quasi-federal because:
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The Centre has more powers than the States.
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During emergencies, the Union can override State powers.
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The Governor, appointed by the Centre, has influence over State matters.
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Articles like 356 (President's Rule) allow Centre to dismiss a State Government.
This ensures unity, national integrity, and effective governance, especially in a diverse and vast country like India.
Federalism and Indian Unity
Despite being centrally tilted, India’s federalism helps in:
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Accommodating regional diversity.
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Promoting decentralization.
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Balancing national interest with regional aspirations.
States like Tamil Nadu, Punjab, and West Bengal have historically voiced regional concerns. Yet, the system has allowed for peaceful resolution within the constitutional framework.
Recent Developments in Indian Federalism
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GST (Goods and Services Tax): A landmark step toward cooperative federalism. It replaced multiple state taxes with a uniform tax structure.
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Inter-State Council & NITI Aayog: Promote dialogue between the Centre and States.
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Finance Commission: Ensures fair distribution of resources.
Types of Federalism in Practice
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Cooperative Federalism: Centre and States work together for common goals (e.g., schemes like Ayushman Bharat).
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Competitive Federalism: States compete to attract investments and perform better (e.g., ease of doing business rankings).
Conclusion
Federalism in India is not a rigid, textbook definition but a dynamic structure that evolves with time. Though centralised during emergencies, it allows ample room for state autonomy and regional voices. India's unique federal structure, tailored to its diversity, helps uphold the constitutional spirit, democratic values, and administrative efficiency.
This balance of power — not equality but partnership — is what keeps India united yet diverse, strong yet inclusive, and centralized yet democratic.