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× #1 The Indus Valley Civilization: Foundations of Urban Culture in Ancient India #2 The Indus Valley Civilization: Foundations of Urban Culture in Ancient India #3 Vedic Civilization: Evolution of Society and Thought in Ancient India #4 Mahajanapadas and the Rise of Kingdoms in Ancient India #5 The Rise of the Mauryan Empire under Chandragupta Maurya #6 Emperor Ashoka and the Spread of Buddhism #7 Decline of the Mauryan Empire #8 The Rise of the Shunga Dynasty and the Brahmanical Revival #9 The Satavahana Dynasty – Bridging North and South India #10 The Indo-Greek and Kushan Invasions – Crossroads of Cultures #11 The Sangam Age – Literature, Trade, and Tamilakam’s Golden Past #12 Mauryan Empire – Political Centralization and Ashoka’s Dhamma #13 Post-Mauryan Age – Indo-Greeks, Shakas, Kushans, and Cultural Exchanges #14 The Rise and Achievements of the Gupta Empire (c. 320–550 CE) #15 Post-Gupta Period and the Rise of Regional Kingdoms (c. 550–750 CE) #16 Pallavas and Chalukyas: South India’s Classical Kingdoms (c. 6th–8th Century CE) #17 Rashtrakutas and Their Contributions to Art and Empire (c. 8th–10th Century CE) #18 Pandyas and Cheras: Southern Trade and Cultural Flourishing (c. 6th Century BCE – 13th Century CE) #19 The Rise of the Maurya Empire and the Role of Chandragupta Maurya #20 The Reign of Bindusara – Consolidation and Expansion of the Maurya Empire #21 Foundation and Expansion of the Delhi Sultanate #22 Alauddin Khalji’s Market Reforms and Military Expansion #23 Muhammad bin Tughlaq’s Ambitious Experiments and Their Consequences #24 Firoz Shah Tughlaq’s Welfare State and Religious Orthodoxy #25 Rise of the Vijayanagara Empire: Foundation, Expansion, and Administration #26 Bahmani Sultanate: Origin, Administration, and Cultural Contributions #27 Delhi Sultanate under the Tughlaq Dynasty: Reforms, Failures, and Legacy #28 Vijayanagara Empire: Rise, Administration, Culture, and Downfall #29 Bahmani Kingdom: Origin, Culture, and Struggle with Vijayanagara #30 Delhi Sultanate in the South: Influence on the Deccan #31 Krishna Deva Raya: The Philosopher King and His Administration #32 Battle of Talikota (1565) and the Decline of the Vijayanagara Empire #33 Mughal Empire: Rise under Babur and Humayun #34 Akbar the Great: Expansion and Consolidation of the Mughal Empire #35 Jahangir and Shah Jahan: Continuity, Culture, and the Peak of Mughal Aesthetics #36 Aurangzeb: Orthodoxy, Expansion, and the Seeds of Decline #37 Later Mughals and the Decline of the Empire (1707–1857) #38 The Maratha Confederacy: Rise, Expansion, and Conflicts with the Mughals and British #39 The Rise and Fall of the Sikh Empire under Maharaja Ranjit Singh #40 Bhakti and Sufi Movements: Spiritual Awakening in Medieval India #41 Mughal Administration: Centralization, Mansabdari, and Provincial Governance #42 Rise of the Marathas: Shivaji, Administration, and Expansion #43 Peshwa Administration and the Expansion of Maratha Power in North India #44 Third Battle of Panipat (1761): Causes, Course, and Consequences #45 Decline of the Mughal Empire: Internal Weaknesses and External Pressures #46 Establishment of British Power in India: From Trading Company to Political Empire #47 The Revolt of 1857: Causes, Events, and Consequences #48 Social Reform Movements in 19th Century India: Bridging Tradition and Modernity #49 Formation of the Indian National Congress (1885): The Birth of Political Awakening in India #50 Partition of Bengal (1905): Divide and Rule Strategy and the Rise of Extremist Nationalism #51 The Surat Split (1907): Clash of Moderates and Extremists in the Indian National Congress #52 The Home Rule Movement (1916): Laying the Foundation for Self-Governance #53 The Lucknow Pact (1916): A Rare Moment of Hindu-Muslim Unity #54 The Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms and the Government of India Act, 1919: A Step Forward or a Tactical Delay? #55 The Non-Cooperation Movement (1920–22): Gandhi’s Mass Awakening of India #56 Simon Commission and Nehru Report (1927–28): Rejection, Resistance, and the Quest for Dominion Status #57 Lahore Session of 1929 and the Demand for Purna Swaraj: The Tricolour of Defiance #58 Civil Disobedience Movement (1930–34): Salt, Satyagraha, and the Spirit of Rebellion #59 Round Table Conferences (1930–1932): Dialogues Amidst Dissonance #60 Government of India Act 1935: The Last Colonial Blueprint #61 Quit India Movement (1942): A Call for “Do or Die” #62 Indian National Army and Subhas Chandra Bose: The Armed Resistance Against Empire #63 The Royal Indian Navy Revolt (1946): Mutiny That Rocked the Empire #64 The Mountbatten Plan and the Partition of India (1947): Final Steps to Freedom #65 Integration of Princely States and Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel’s Role: The Iron Man’s Mission to Unite India #66 Formation and Adoption of the Indian Constitution: The Framing of a Republic #67 Nagara style of Temple Architecture and its regional variations #68 Dravida Style of Temple Architecture and Its Features #69 The Legacy and Philosophy of Maharishi Dayanand Saraswati #70 The Arya Samaj Movement and Its Impact on Indian Society #71 India’s Intangible Cultural Heritage (ICH) and the UNESCO list #72 Tribal Art and Culture of India: Warli, Gond, and Santhal Traditions #73 The syncretic nature of Sufi and Bhakti movements in promoting social harmony #74 Contributions of ancient India to Science and Mathematics (e.g., metallurgy, astronomy) #75 Development of Rock-Cut Architecture from Mauryan caves to Pallava Rathas #76 Maritime history of ancient and medieval India: Trade, cultural exchange, and naval power #77 The role and status of women in the Vedic and post-Vedic periods #78 The influence of Buddhist art and philosophy on Southeast Asian culture #79 Raja Ram Mohan Roy #80 Swami Vivekananda #81 Swami Dayananda Saraswati #82 Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar #83 Sri Ramakrishna Paramhamsa #84 Rani Lakshmibai: The Warrior Queen of Jhansi #85 Dr. B. R. Ambedkar: The Architect of Modern India's Social Justice #86 Jyotirao Phule: The Pioneer of Social Reform and Education in Modern India #87 Gopal Krishna Gokhale: The Moderate Reformer and Mentor of Gandhi #88 Bal Gangadhar Tilak: The Father of Indian Unrest and the Awakening of National Consciousness #89 Annie Besant: The Theosophist, Reformer, and Catalyst for Indian Nationalism #90 Dadabhai Naoroji: The Grand Old Man of India and the Architect of Economic Nationalism #91 Gopal Krishna Gokhale: The Liberal Reformer and Mentor of Mahatma Gandhi #92 Bal Gangadhar Tilak: Father of Indian Unrest and Champion of Swaraj #93 Bhagat Singh: The Revolutionary Who Lit the Flame of Freedom #94 Lala Lajpat Rai: The Lion of Punjab and a Voice of Assertive Nationalism #95 Robert Clive (1754-1767) #96 Warren Hastings (1772–1785): The First Governor-General of India #97 Lord Cornwallis (1786–1793): Reformer of British Administration in India #98 Lord Wellesley (1798–1805): Architect of British Supremacy through Subsidiary Alliance #99 Tipu Sultan: The Tiger of Mysore and the Struggle Against British Colonialism #100 DEVELOPMENT OF CIVIL SERVICES #101 Champaran Satyagraha

HISTORY

Introduction

The Mauryan Empire arose after Alexander’s retreat from India and the decline of the Nanda dynasty. Chandragupta Maurya, guided by his mentor Chanakya (Kautilya), established a powerful empire with its capital at Pataliputra. The empire reached its zenith under Ashoka, who after the Kalinga War, embraced Buddhism and governed based on ethical principles.

I. Foundation and Expansion

🛡️ Chandragupta Maurya (322–297 BCE)

  • Overthrew Dhana Nanda of Magadha with Chanakya’s help.

  • Unified North and Central India.

  • Defeated Seleucus I Nicator (Greek general of Alexander) and signed a treaty, receiving territory and 500 war elephants.

🏰 Bindusara (297–273 BCE)

  • Expanded empire southward to the Deccan, except Tamil regions.

  • Known as Amitraghata (Slayer of enemies).

  • Maintained diplomatic relations with Greek rulers.

II. Ashoka the Great (273–232 BCE)

⚔️ Kalinga War (c. 261 BCE)

  • Fought to annex Kalinga (modern Odisha).

  • Massive bloodshed led to Ashoka’s remorse and spiritual transformation.

🕊️ Adoption of Buddhism

  • Became a follower of Theravada Buddhism.

  • Propagated non-violence (Ahimsa), tolerance, and welfare of all beings.

III. Ashoka’s Dhamma

📜 Principles of Dhamma

  • Respect for elders and teachers.

  • Kindness to servants and animals.

  • Religious tolerance.

  • Non-violence and self-control.

🪨 Rock and Pillar Edicts

  • Ashoka’s 33 inscriptions on rocks and pillars across India and beyond (Nepal, Pakistan, Afghanistan).

  • Written in Prakrit, Greek, and Aramaic.

  • Major centers: Sarnath, Girnar, Kalsi, Dhauli.

IV. Administration and Economy

🏛️ Centralized Bureaucracy

  • Pataliputra as the imperial capital.

  • Empire divided into provinces with viceroys (often royal family members).

  • Arthashastra (by Kautilya) described espionage, taxation, military, and statecraft.

💰 Revenue and Trade

  • Taxes collected from agriculture, crafts, mining, and trade.

  • State-owned farms, mines, and manufacturing centers.

  • Maintained roads, customs checkpoints, and trade routes, especially Uttarapatha and Dakshinapatha.

V. Mauryan Society and Culture

👪 Society

  • Described by Megasthenes (Greek ambassador) in Indica.

  • Urbanization, organized administration, and social divisions evident.

  • Cities like Taxila, Pataliputra, Ujjain, and Tamralipti flourished.

🕉️ Religion

  • Initially supported Brahmanism and Jainism (Chandragupta became a Jain monk).

  • Ashoka promoted Buddhism, sent missionaries abroad (Sri Lanka, Central Asia).

  • Convened the Third Buddhist Council at Pataliputra (c. 250 BCE).

VI. Decline of the Mauryan Empire

📉 Post-Ashokan Rulers

  • Weak successors failed to maintain control.

  • Fragmentation due to internal revolts, financial strain, and less charismatic rulers.

⚔️ Fall of the Empire

  • Last ruler Brihadratha Maurya was assassinated by his general Pushyamitra Shunga around 185 BCE, who founded the Shunga Dynasty.

Legacy and Significance

✅ First Pan-Indian Empire

  • Unified large parts of the subcontinent under one administration.

  • Model of imperial governance for future dynasties.

✅ Ashoka’s Global Legacy

  • Spread of Buddhism to Asia and beyond.

  • Seen as a philosopher-king, admired even in modern times.

✅ Cultural Symbols

  • Lion Capital of Sarnath adopted as India’s National Emblem.

  • Ashokan Chakra forms the center of the Indian national flag.

Conclusion

The Mauryan Empire represents a milestone in Indian history: from political unification under Chandragupta to moral and spiritual governance under Ashoka, it showed the power of both statecraft and ethics. Its administrative legacy and Ashoka’s message of universal compassion continue to influence India’s identity.